Sunday, November 30, 2014

How the Democratic Party is Blowing It!

Well, it happened.  In November, 2014 the Republican party (GOP) won majority control of the Senate while expanding their majority in the House of Representatives.  A lot of Democrat state governors also got the boot and the GOP is already sharping their teeth for a chance at the Presidency.  This is probably the most significant upset since 2008 when the Democrats were (temporarily) in control.

The Democrat party seems to be a mere shadow of what they used to be.  During the Great Depression and onwards the Democrats ruled the country.  Whatever opposition the GOP was able to mount was clearly dwarfed by a coalition of all the poor and marginalized people that the Great Depression impacted.  This was also America's greatest generation that we're talking about so liberalism back then was a force to be reckoned with and fight for.

But over the decades, liberals have adopted policies and pushed platforms that have alienated a lot of the American public.  Now, liberals are genuinely running scared.  They seem terrified of the emerging Tea Party. Former Democrat majority leader and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi predicts an end to civilization as we know it.  Comments in the blogosphere are full of impotent rage.  Why would anybody in their right mind vote for a Republican? was one of the more coherent responses.  If one were to try and look for a more articulated response, it would have to be Thomas Frank who wrote What's the Matter With Kansas.  Frank in Kansas looks favorably in the past at what a trend-setter in liberalism Kansas was only to become disenfranchised at how far the state has been pulled to the right to the point of even giving moderate Republicans the boot in state politics.  Frank identifies this shift as a backlash but seems to be at a loss or in complete denial of what role liberals have played in the shift.

Well, that's why I'm writing this article; to explain why somebody would vote for a Republican in this day and age.  You won't listen to it, but now it's out in the open so it's your loss and the GOP's gain if you don't head the advice.

I should note that political discussions in America tend to be idealized and this article follows this format.  We often talk about Democrats following a liberal policy and associated with the political left.  On graphics and tables we use the color blue to designate them.  Likewise, the Republican party usually follows a conservative platform and is associated on the right.  We use the color red to represent them.  In reality, if red is conservative and blue is liberal, then most people are purple.  People's political beliefs can often be represented "cafeteria style"--they rarely hold strict boundaries between liberal and conservative and often pick from both.  So for example, you'll see people hold liberal beliefs in certain areas like gay marriage while preaching fiscal conservatism that would be closer to conservatives.

This article identifies issues that are associated with the liberal agenda and how it costs support from the American public.

Attacks on Religion

Frank in Kansas tries to describe the political backlash that Democrats have sustained in recent years from the religious right but essentially regards it as a pathology and offers no real solutions.

It's simple.  STOP!  Most of the electorate can agree that the government forcing people to convert to a particular denomination would be a violation of our personal freedoms.  This is what the concept of separation of church and state is suppose to address.  Separation of church and state was never a license to suppress all religious sentiment. Legislation and law suits over "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance and a nativity scene in a public park are just petty.  These are straight-forward first amendment issues and don't violate the rights of nonbelievers or people of other denominations in the slightest.

Liberals seem genuinely confused as to why such a secularized population can be so riled up over the issue. I'll explain: Religion is a strong cultural force in America and many people who barely get to church twice a year will, nevertheless, become incensed over the left's attack on any sort of public expression of religious sentiment. Most people can be described as nominally religious.  Even though they may not actively practice their religion or observe all its tenants, they more or less, culturally identify with it.  It is a part of their heritage.  This makes sense--you can't begin to describe or characterize a culture without describing and including the beliefs and customs that make up that culture.  So, to many people, assailing and suppressing forms of religious sentiment is equivalent to assailing or suppressing somebody because he's black, white or Chinese.

Laying off the attacks on religion would benefit liberals as well.  Attacking religious sentiments or remaining silent while it happens is guaranteed to keep the religious right mobilized.  Frank in Kansas describes a case in Alabama where a granite monument of The Ten Commandments was erected in front of a courthouse prompting a lawsuit from the ACLU.  The ACLU won the case and the monument was ordered taken down. The ACLU won another recent case against a monument of The Ten Commandments in Oklahoma.

Frank in Kansas seemed puzzled because the people of Alabama should have known what would have resulted from such a futile effort.  If so, this is the best example of civil disobedience I've ever seen.  First, nobody got hurt.  Second, it casts the ACLU as a tool of the religious right, which amuses me greatly. Lastly, the liberals gave the religious right yet another example of religious persecution that they can use to rally conservative Americans from the pulpits.  What do you do when a liberal tosses a grenade at you?  Pull the pin and throw it back!

Crime

The liberal's lenient stance on crime seems to be rooted in the belief that crime is merely a symptom of social injustice and that more resources and effort should be devoted to correcting the injustices instead of prosecuting criminals.  The only problem with this liberal premise is that conservatives reject it completely. 

Frank in Kansas never discusses the effect of crime and how it might effect how people in Kansas will vote.  He talks a lot about how vibrant communities in Kansas that were the bastion of liberalism became the abandoned and hollowed out husks that they are now, but you would think that crime was never an issue if you read any chapter in Kansas. Well crime is a major issue in just about every major city that I know of and the liberal response to it has been pretty irresponsible.  The liberal dismissal of crime as the serious problem that it is is multifaceted:

I. Excessive Penalties

The liberal's claim that certain crimes like drug use, theft and vandalism have excessive penalties seems to be an expression of their concept of rights--people should be allowed to do what they want or should be given some leniency because they were born into disadvantaged circumstances. Liberals seem to believe that making penalties or punishment severe enough to deter them or making the consequences more unpleasant is the real crime.

Consider a burglar that breaks into a home to steal a flat screen television.  The damages to the homeowner would be about a couple thousand bucks.  Nearly of all this could easily be replaced quite cheaply if the homeowner has insurance.  If we consider only this, the penalty might be worth a fine and maybe a few weeks in jail.

But what about the homeowner's sense of security?  What if he feels he needs to purchase an alarm system or buy a gun to protect himself and his family?  What about his neighbors when they discover that a burglary happened in their neighborhood?  What would that do to property values?

What about other offenses?  Retailers charge a 5-10% margin on their merchandise just to cover shoplifting.  It's not the shortages either but the investments in security systems, cameras, checkpoints and security staff. That's a cost that gets passed down to consumers.  Drug use creates huge pools of unemployable people that still need to be cared for and even rehabilitated.  A few perverts have made millions of parents worry about letting their children out of their homes unsupervised.

All this I'm describing are "minor crimes".  I haven't even discussed offenses that seriously hurt or kill somebody.  Considering the broader effects crime, how can it be possible to argue that there is such a thing as excessive penalties?

II. Capital Punishment

The debate over capital punishment has heated up in recent years due to a sense of secular humanism that suggests that, as a society, we are supposed to have evolved beyond an eye-for-an-eye system of justice.

Actually, as far as rubrics of justice go, eye for an eye when originally conceived, was an idea ahead of its time.  It suggests that the penalty of an offense should not exceed the offense itself.  This probably mitigated the effect of personal feelings from perpetuating or escalating violent encounters.  In effect, taking a man's eye only entitles him to take one of yours.  It doesn't entitle him to kill your family and burn your house down.  

Reading about the ethnic cleansing in the Balkans and Rwanda or the troubles of the Middle East tell me that a lot of humanity hasn't yet evolved to grasp the concept of justice that eye for an eye represents.  It doesn't even happen in the civilized world that much.  Go inside any bar in America and shove the first tough guy that you see and see if he would be satisfied by only giving you one shove back.

Then there are the crimes that are so heinous that the perpetrator has forfeited the right to live among civilized men as far as conservatives are concerned.  Crimes that are so heinous with such high body counts that eye for an eye seems unsatisfying because we can only execute a person once.

III. False Convictions

Another part of the liberal's opposition to capital punishment are related to claims that some people were wrongfully convicted.  The liberals sympathy extends to all wrongfully convicted people of any crime, but it's most pronounced among capital crimes because that person's life is at stake and we can't undue an execution.

Frankly, conservatives don't believe this--flat out.  They won't believe a a white-collar liberal either because who would trust somebody who defends and excuses criminal behavior?

Even if there was evidence that somebody behind bars was falsely convicted, conservatives aren't going to believe that the arrest and prosecution were arbitrary.  As far as they're concerned, he either had a previous criminal record, has close associates that have a criminal record, or had committed similar crimes in the past that he wasn't apprehended for.  This pretty much means that if one chooses a life of crime or befriending people who do, being falsely accused is merely an occupational hazard.  I know of many older generations that subscribe to the concept of guilt by association.  Back in their days, they knew to stay away from others that were a bad influence for the very reason that they didn't want to be among the accused.

People, in general are aware of where the problem areas are or who the problem people are within a community.  There are neighborhood watches and police aren't sweeping or raiding book clubs and soccer practices to look for criminal activity.  They typically police the same streets that crimes seem to be occurring and hassle the same people that always seem to be involved in crimes or aiding and abetting them. Conservatives are not going to have much sympathy for the falsely accused.

IV. Gun Control

Frank in Kansas frequently cites hot-button issues such as abortion that conservatives use to rally other conservatives at the polls to encourage them to vote for certain candidates despite such issues being "unwinnable".  I would agree with this assessment.  However, unlike Frank, I'll go a little further and say that liberals also have their own hot-button issues to rally their forces, and number one on the list is gun control.

Gun control and abortion have a lot in common.  They are both intractable and unwinnable social issues in America that have effectively been fought to a standstill.  They are also polarizing and appeal to people's emotions to the point that many Americans would be unwilling to discuss them even with close friends and family.

However, these two issues differ in one key respect: The right to own a gun is explicitly stated in the Constitution under the Bill of Rights while a woman's right to an abortion is not.  Granted, the fact that abortion, or any other right that isn't listed, isn't sufficient cause for denying such rights.  However, the Constitution says that every American has a right to bare arms, period.  This distinction matters to conservatives.  If liberals don't agree with this, it is their problem as far as conservatives are concerned.   Last I checked, membership in the NRA exceeds membership in the largest gun control organizations by at least an order of magnitude and the courts have recently ruled in favor of gun owners.  So public opinion is on their side and will be in the foreseeable future.

So how does this stalemate hurt liberals exactly?  Because recently conservative gun owners have been borrowing a page from the religious right and cast gun control efforts as persecution by the liberal elite who believe they can tell the rest of America what to believe and think.  Every celebrity or liberal elite that advocates for gun control from behind their gated communities while being flanked by bodyguards becomes the poster child of that out-of-touch liberal that believes that they can take a gun from a law abiding citizen and effectively make them more vulnerable to real criminals (whom liberals believe to be the real victims).

Genuine Injustice

After decades of reforming the judicial system to give the little guy a fair shake, liberals seem to have created even worse problems and have fought or sandbagged conservatives every attempt at fixing them.  This point isn't exclusively about criminal cases which have plenty of their own problems.  Liberals like to complain about false accusations among the poor and minorities who have to rely on a public defender while a defendant such as O.J. Simpson can hire a dream team defense that can get an acquittal.  This is simply a consequence of liberal insistence on whether or not arbitrary procedures were followed rather than actually trying to determine guilt or innocence.  I'm not talking about due process or the Fourth and Fifth Amendments.  Conservatives are all in favor of such constitutional protections.  

Rulings such as Miranda v Arizona, on the other hand, is considered complete nonsense by conservatives.  Anybody who hasn't lived under a rock knows about Miranda Rights.  We hear them recited in every crime drama on television so it's pretty much a trivial exercise at this point.  That is until a case or key evidence gets dismissed because an officer didn't recite the Miranda Rights.  Then it's a big issue.  How can a society hope to deter or punish crime when it gets more and more likely for cases to get dismissed for the flimsiest reasons?  That's for the criminal cases, anyway.

When it comes to civil cases, it's flimsy reasons that seem to provide adequate grounds to sue somebody or screw them over or avoid responsibility for one's own actions.  To get an idea of what I mean we need to consider a couple of examples.

Exhibit A:
A man is being prosecuted for not paying child support and welfare benefits for a child that is not his and is now 24 years old!  A paternity test excluded him as the father but he's being threatened with fines and imprisonment anyway because an ex-girlfriend put his name as the father on an application  so that she could collect welfare benefits.

Reason would suggest that when a paternity test excluded him as the father of this child, this should be the end of it.  The only thing that's keeping this case alive is a judge tap-dancing around issues of procedure when in reality the case is simply groundless and should have been dismissed.  Nobody seems to ask why any society should expect a man to support a child that isn't his?

And the injustice doesn't stop there for conservatives.  Consider the mother.  She was either so sexually promiscuous that when she became pregnant, she didn't know for sure who the father of the child was and guessed when she filled out the welfare forms.  Conservatives regard such a woman as a morally bankrupt individual that isn't entitled to any compassion whatsoever.  If the woman did actually know who the father was and decided to put down the name of another man anyway, well, morally bankrupt barely begins to describe it.

Conservatives would have approached this case entirely differently.  Putting down false information on a federal form is a crime.  At the very least, the mother was attempting to defraud the government.  It seems like a simple plea bargain might be the way to go.  Have the mother cough up the name of the real father and the mother doesn't get prosecuted.  Then go after the real father for the back child support.  But this simply isn't part of the liberal thought process.  As far as they're concerned, the woman is the victim!

A case like this represents a growing social problem that involves men supporting children that aren't theirs (aka: cuckolding or parental fraud) and dealing with a judicial system that is entirely unsympathetic to the problem (think of the children!).  Mandatory paternity testing at birth has been suggested as a solution to the problem.  If you think that liberals are lining up to support this idea then you were born yesterday.

Exhibit B:
A burglar attempting to steal from a high school falls through a skylight while he was on the roof, severely injuring himself. He then decides to sue the school for damages, which is bad enough because the  school must devote resources to defend itself in court instead of educating America's youth. But the burglar actually wins and receives a cash settlement!

The obvious question for a conservative is how did our judicial system become so warped as to allow a criminal to sue his victim?  A case like this functions as a good litmus test in these types of discussions.  A liberal that doesn't recognize any injustice here is probably sitting so far left that he excludes himself from voicing his opinion on the subject.  Such a liberal lives in some sort of quasi meta-reality that occasionally intersects with ours.

Second, this case brings up another issue with conservatives.  A criminal that gets prosecuted for trespassing on your property gets legal representation at public expense.  He also stands a good chance of his case being dismissed if specific procedures aren't followed regardless of how obvious his guilt is.  But if this criminal got injured on your property he can sue you for his injuries and you're on your own while you fight it out in court.  Even if you win, it's a Pyrrhic victory assuming the defense you mounted doesn't bankrupt you.

This case represents many at the heart of the tort reform movement.  Once again, if you think liberals are seriously considering reforming such a system, then you were born yesterday.

Exhibit C
A cabal of left-wing environmental advocates under support from Maryland's Attorney General relentlessly pursue and harass a poultry farmer (video) on Maryland's eastern shore with lawsuits.  It seems that a clean water advocacy group flew over the farmer's land and misidentified a deposit as chicken manure being stored improperly.  Later investigation revealed the deposit to be biosolids from a water treatment plant that farmers often use to fertilize their fields.  The State of Maryland did not find the farm liable for any wrong-doing.  If you think that the lawsuit was dropped with a public apology issued, then once again, you were born yesterday.  In fact, they doubled down and maliciously prosecuted the case against this farmer and hoped to get a settlement!

Republicans and conservatives can get into some stupid causes.  But, how much more stupid would you have to be to bully the people that are feeding you?  I've seen how farmers support each other and close rank with each other on issues like this in the past and the video link above also demonstrates this clearly.  The farmer actually won with the help of his neighbors and politicians and attorneys that were advocates for agriculture.  Not all these cases end happily.

This isn't an isolated injustice either.  It is a symptom of a much bigger problem with the left. Contrary to what the liberal left and their NGO's and organic corporations like to claim (PETA, Chipotle and Whole Foods being the primary offenders), nearly all farms and farming practices in the US are family owned and conduct their operations within compliance of the law.  If a farmer can do all that and turn a profit in today's market, then it's a good day.  In addition, he has no 401k, no pension, he works in a hazardous and dangerous environment, he also lost a lot of his medical insurance because it didn't comply with the Affordable Care Act.  In this light, tort reform takes on new urgency because an American family can be literally ruined by ideologically driven lawsuits.

A lot of farmers own their own property as well which is highly regulated.  They deal with a level of invasiveness from the authorities and regulatory agencies that most of us 9-5 clock-punchers will never know.  Imagine the USDA or EPA coming on your property to test your soil or ground water, or the Health Department coming into your kitchen to do an inspection.  Or the fact that people you don't even know are shaking their fists at you or libeling you in the press and their advertising because of a lie about you that your neighbor told.  Or you can't use energy efficient appliances because somebody else that you don't know think it's "unnatural" or uses technology that they are ideologically opposed to.

That's unthinkable to us, but farmers have to put up with it constantly.  The only people that understand them are other farmers and the people that they elect.  So let me ask you--do you think they will vote for liberal policies or conservative ones?  How do you think a case like this would effect their vote?  Hint: See the epilogue in the video to find out!

All the nuanced discussion about how our justice system needing reform to protect the little guy is superfluous to the fact that normal average people often get screwed because of the liberal reforms of our justice system and not despite of them.  Conservatives see cases like this as liberal endorsement of lower class people exploiting the hardworking.  Judging by the people that I've talked to that have been through a frivolous lawsuit, cases like this are the most effective way of converting liberals into conservatives.  Think about that.  Go to your circuit courthouse and count all the frivolous lawsuits in any give year.  That's how many votes you're losing, liberals.  You effectively have to swing two voters to your cause to negate the effect that each frivolous lawsuit costs you.  That's going to be harder to do as time passes.

Personal Responsibility

Issues about personal responsibility rank just as highly as the issues about genuine injustices discussed in the previous section.  There are individuals who are socially irresponsible and the liberal solution of enabling this behavior is infuriating conservatives.  Consider another couple of examples:

Exhibit A:
A woman in Flint, Michigan has been overwhelming local charities for the past 10 years while giving birth to 10 children. For those of you who aren't good at math, this single mother first sought aid through local organizations that help poor families when she was struggling to raise her first 2 or 3 children and remained on these aid programs while she gave birth to at least 7 more children!

For the most part these are local charities so this woman should be well known locally.  So why would local charities allow a woman to use her ability to reproduce to exploit the good will of local citizens and effectively have them subsidize her sex life?  Why isn't there an individual to say enough is enough?  Where is the father (more likely fathers) and why aren't they supporting some of these children?  Are we so concerned about not judging or shaming this woman for what she is doing because it might be a hardship to the children?

Conservatives believe, point blank, that one does not bring a child into this world unless you can take care of it.  Since conservatives also oppose abortion, this means keeping your own legs closed.  A case like this is one of many reasons why conservatives are looking to gut social safety nets such as welfare which eventually ends up clashing with a liberals belief that women should be allowed to express themselves sexually, even if children are the predictable result of such expression.

Exhibit B:
A surfer, out of work recording artist, and all around slacker dines on sushi and lobster purchased with food stamps.  He doesn't plan on this being a temporary thing.  It's the lifestyle he has aspired to so the American public can assume that he'll continue to receive $200/month until he stops breathing.  If you don't think this petty amount will anger conservatives then check out the Escalade he's driving.

Yes, this example is from Fox News.  That should tell a liberal how much mileage the right is getting out of abuses like this.  The blogosphere lit up about this guy when the story was aired so all the discussion about how "biased"  Fox News seems to be because it doesn't cater to the liberal agenda falls flat on it's face because the majority of web surfers sees this case for what it is.  Also, note that Fox has been the #1 prime time news channel for the past 13 years.  Will liberals finally acknowledge that the content of Fox News resonates with a lot of potential voters?  Or do they want to keep losing at the polls?  

Liberals tend to react to abuses like these in one of four ways:

1. They deny that these abuses exist--  This would be analogous to a conservative denying  anthropogenic global warming--a phenomenon that is obviously occurring but  they deny that they have anything to do with it.

2.  Acknowledge that such abuses do exist but they are rare and of no significance--  The previous exhibits were easy to find and there are a lot more egregious ones to read about if somebody were to simply log on to their news aggregator or RSS feed for only a few days.  If these abuses are really so rare and insignificant then it should be pretty straightforward to reform the system without effecting the majority of the recipients that the programs are trying to help.

3.  Even if such abuses were common, it is a price we must pay to ensure social justice and human dignity--  Oddly, this is a similar argument that conservatives advance for gun rights and capital punishment but liberals summarily reject it.  The difference is that likely in the case of welfare of food stamps, the children that are involved are innocent and not responsible for the behavior of sociopathic parents.  Unfortunately, liberals haven't recognized how much this actually degrades and debases human dignity and social justice by enabling the behaviors that we are trying to mitigate.

4.  It's irrelevant because compassion should be the ultimate deciding factor--  Oddly, a liberal's sense of compassion didn't extend to corporations or banks needing bailouts in 2008, but most assuredly, they would have had no problems providing public aid for the employees that would have lost their jobs if these corporations went under.  Same money, different channel. The only difference between the TARP bailouts in 2008 and the social safety nets that enable the poor is that the TARP bailouts were paid back.  What would a liberal think about requiring the poor to pay back their food stamps or welfare benefits?  Rhetorical.

If there's ever an indication that politics in America has been pulled too far left, it's the sentiment that compassion means protecting people from the consequences of their actions.  Shielding people from consequences of their actions is what my two examples illustrate pretty succinctly and it's pissing off the right big time.

One needs to look no further than welfare to see how public opinion can sour on such types of compassion.  Welfare was originally conceived to help families that lose their primary breadwinner and there was little reason to argue against it without seeming to be an insensitive heel.  But single motherhood and divorce, which used to be unthinkable, become much more common and abuses became much more common as well, followed by public discontent over the program.  The left denied these abuses existed at all, or if they did, they felt that they were minor occurances.

Then the media got involved with articles and reports about welfare queens with one notorious case collecting benefits under several different aliases.  Public outrage over the program reached such a boiling point that the Republican party gained control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years and passed a welfare reform bill that President Clinton was forced to sign to secure his bid for reelection.

However, it still seems that liberals haven't learned from their experiences from welfare.  Currently, a number of states are adopting measures that require welfare recipients to pass a drug test to qualify.  My first question is why it took so long to adopt such an obvious reform?  One has to pass a drug test just to be gainfully employed in this country.  My second question is why so much opposition?  Why are liberals willing to go on record effectively saying that we can't demand a recipient of tax dollars to reject a lifestyle that makes him unemployable?  Talk about political suicide!  And a recent court decision to overturn the drug testing requirement is enough to make any reasonable person throw up their hands in exasperation.

Then there's the unfairness of it all.  Why should anybody feel like working hard to make a better life for themselves only to be vilified if they somehow make it to the top 1% while their neighbor can get a free ride while doing nothing?  I know of one case where a person fell behind on his mortgage payments after losing his job.  His home was foreclosed, converted to section 8 housing and given to a welfare recipient with two children.  What would all the liberals who preach of the importance of social safety nets have to say about a government who didn't help a working citizen only to have his assets seized and given to somebody who was not working?  Wouldn't a solution to the homeless problem in America be to stop creating more homeless people?

None of this is to say that there isn't a sense of compassion among conservatives on the right.  More of them then you would think donate to charities and volunteer their time to help the less fortunate. It's often done through their local churches which makes the liberals assault on organized religion even more troubling.  However, they want to be the ones that get to decide which charity cases are worthy of attention and they want to keep it local so they can exert some sort of social pressure or shaming if some charity recipient is sandbagging his way through life or abusing the charity programs.  Any liberal who believes that other needs are worth some charity support are more than welcome to open their checkbooks and start donating while convincing others to do the same, but keep the government out of it.

Also, a lot of charity comes in the form of corporate philanthropy.  It seems to stem from the acknowledgement of entrepreneurs that despite all their hard work, there was an element of luck and opportunity that everybody else didn't have that made them extraordinarily successful.  So why would a liberal protest and demand the tax code be reformed when corporations and the rich wish to deduct the charity donations from their tax returns or reorganize their assets into charitable trusts to reduce their tax liability?

Labor unions are another liberal institution that liberals need to pay attention to and try to learn some lessons.  Frank in Kansas reflects on how much unions benefited the working class only to be troubled by their plummeting membership and marginal influence in the present day.  Frank doesn't seem to acknowledge the unscrupulous behavior that unions practiced that assocaited them with organized crime in people's minds.  It also virtually took a stick of dynamite to get rid of the most laziest and incompetant workers while artificially driving up wages so that companies sought cheaper labor overseas.

Will liberals finally learn some lessons from these failures or will history repeat itself?  The whole compassion angle is starting to wear thin with conservatives and a lot of moderates as well.

It's Not About Money, It's Authenticity

Americans lament about how much money is in politics and the obscene campaign funds that are involved in political campaigns, but it's missing the root cause.  While a political campaign won't get very far without sizeable funds, there have been plenty of examples of the biggest spenders that end up losing election bids.  Clearly, there are other factors.  Frank in Kansas also reflects on possible reasons why people vote for conservatives who end up screwing them over.  He postulates a concept called authenticity--the tendency of an individual to associate with other like-minded individuals based on some shared values--but doesn't explore this concept beyond the religious right.

In fact, we can see examples of authenticity everywhere we look and it has little to do with religion or money.  One can walk into any high school in America and see how cliques form among certain groups of students to the point of excluding or bullying others who don't fit in.  A particular school district tends to be populated by people of similar economic and social standing so money isn't the deciding factor in regards to how these cliques form.

It doesn't stop when we're adults either.  If peer pressure is what compels students within cliques to act a certain way, then for adults it's keeping up with the Joneses.  Advertisers and politicians even rely on this information when targeting certain demographics to sell goods and services or get votes.

I never understood why so many people were eager to move into neighborhoods governed by Homeowner's Associations.  Here is another "government" collecting "taxes" from me while enacting petty rules and trying to tell me how to manage my own property.  No thanks.  Perhaps it's the concept of authenticity at work once again.  The people that live there might not mind the petty rules because they already were living that way and want to live near like-minded people that would likely obey those rules too (and peace shall reign!).

While there's a degree of authenticity in regards to money or social class, it's more complicated then it first appears.  The wealthy often sneer at the "new money" (aka: Nouveau Riche) or poor white people complain about trailer trash bringing down the neighborhood.  For every poor person that believes he was never given an opportunity or was screwed over by "the man", there's a rich man believing he has the right to occupy the highest levels of society because he worked for it and earned it.  This attitude is as diametrically opposed to the liberal's concept of social equality and justice as one is likely to get.  So what will you do?  Call them an elitist?  Pfft!  These people have been reading Atlas Shrugged.  They would wear that label like a badge of honor!

When liberals won both the Presidency and majority rule in both chambers of Congress in the wake of the Great Recession, they seemed genuinely frustrated that they couldn't unite the bottom 99% against the top 1% and pass their tax hikes and reform and regulate the financial sectors.  Seriously, people were losing their homes and their jobs with self-worth plummeting by the day, and many of them filed in behind the rich.  Thomas Frank must be rubbing his temples right now.

Well, expending their popular mandate to push through yet another entitlement wasn't the most wise course of action.  Offering government backed healthcare was unsatisfying to people who were upside down on their mortgages and their 401k's plummeting with stock prices. Despite the high unemployment rate, most Americans still had jobs and were getting health insurance through plans offered by their employer.  Which also meant they were too busy to participate in the Occupy Wall Street movements. Hence, conservatives won back majority control of the House during the next midterm and have been expanding that majority ever since.

But I think authenticity explains a lot of this.  Despite us shaking our fists from our soapboxes at the big banks for letting us down, many still believe that we have more in common with the CEO in the McMansion that drives a Bentley  than with the mother on public aid with 13 children or the slacker using his food stamps to buy lobster.  So the liberal wet dream about them uniting all the poor, minorities and gays to take down the rich isn't going to happen.  For one thing, we'll know where all the seized wealth ends up (see the examples under Personal Responsibility) and once it's gone there will be no more.  If you doubt me, read about any country that has fallen to communism.  Or follow current events in South America.  Besides, people know that anybody who can take down the rich can squash them like a bug.  Who's to say that when the liberals squander siezed wealth in another failed social experiment that they won't come after the wealth of the middle class next?  Read about the kulaks in Soviet history to find out how pleasant that was!

Privatizing Costs

It might be hard to believe in this day and age, but there was a time in American history when people were debating whether or not the establishment of a central banking system was really a good idea.  President Andrew Jackson vehemently opposed such an idea citing among many reasons that when the bankers made money on their investments they kept the returns for themselves, but when the investments went sour, the losses were passed on to consumers (if he only knew!).

We read a lot about how business owners and bankers privatize profits but socialize costs.  In other words, keeping the profits while passing on costs to consumers.  Strictly this isn't true.  Much excess wealth gets distributed as dividends so all you need to do is be a stockholder.  In this day and age, anybody can be one.  If you are investing in vehicles such as IRA's or 401k's then you already are one.  But there's no denying that a lot of accrued wealth remains at the top.

What we don't hear a lot of discussion about is how government tends to privatize the costs of society by placing the financial burden on business owners.  This goes way beyond taxation.  Who do you think is responsible for equal opportunity employment, government or business?  What about equal housing?  What about something as simple as handicap access or printing signs in different languages?  Who reimburses the business owners for the expense?  Nobody!  It's a cost of doing business that is mandated by the government.  We might not have sympathy for a corporation struggling to clean up its emissions but what about Joe the plummer trying to rent his duplex?  Or what about a small merchant that has to designate one of his two parking spots as handicap parking?  What about any small business owner where the government mandates pose a crippling burden (and don't forget those taxes!)?  Try telling him its just a "cost of doing business" or its "for the good of society".

Frank in Kansas believes that a conservative revolution in Kansas has flipped the political landscape in America, but I doubt it.  Kansas only has 6 electoral votes and this state along with many other states in middle America hasn't really been decisive in presidential elections.  I think the political landscape was severely impacted with the passage of civil rights legislation.  Until that point, the deep south was a bastian of Democratic support that predated the American Civil War.  Racism was probably a part of the opposition to civil rights laws.  But I think an underreported factor is that government legislation and court decisions were reaching a critical point of invasiveness into people's lives and people had enough of it.  Conservatives chafe over the idea of the government and its liberal supporters believing they can dictate what individual citizens can or can't do with their property, how they should live and how to conduct their business.

This tectonic shift in the political landscape was so profound that it allowed a third party candidate named George Wallace to carry much of the deep south by merely opposing civil rights and allowing Republican candidate Richard Nixon to win the election in 1968.  The southern states have generally voted Republican ever since.  Think about how profound a shift this was.  The south certainly remembers their experiences from the Civil War so the chances of a Republican carrying a southern state lied somewhere between slim and none.  Civil rights changed that.  The conservative backlash that Frank discusses in Kansas may have spread to Kansas, but it started in the south.

So what can be done?

If you're a liberal that was able to read this far and wonder how liberals can win back America or at least compete with conservatives on equal footing, there is much you can do.
  1. Stop arguing and start discussing.  I've been around quite a few discussions on the internet and people seem to feel an urge to refute and debunk points made by the other side instead of reaching for common ground.  Then we act all shocked when the politicians we elect act the same way.  It starts at home.  Aren't conservatives just as guilty of this?  Sure, but they are the majority.  You are the one that has to convince the American public that liberalism is relevant to their daily lives.  Or you can wait for the conservatives to sucumb to hubris or do something stupid, but this doesn't strike me as being an effective strategy and I don't see America being better off for it.  A fellow liberal, George Lakoff wrote "12 Traps That Keep Progressives From Winning".  It's a little dated but still relevant.  Lakoff doesn't discuss specific issues but approaches the problem from a conceptual standpoint.  Read and be inspired.
  2. Consider that today's problems are because of the liberal agenda and not despite of it.  Liberals still see some issues that need to be fixed.  They'll coin terms such as "white male priviledge" or "hate speech" to try and sway the public that there is still work to be done.  I'm reminded of Danielle Crittenden's book What Our Mothers Didn't Tell Us.  In it she discusses a lunch meeting she had with a few feminist magazine editors who noticed a recent article she wrote about how so many women are as disenfranchised, confused and depressed as Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique.  Crittenden demonstrates that feminist progress has created its own set of problems for women that impacts how they marry, raise children and even date by illustrating the cause and effect quite clearly.  Needless to say, the feminist editors weren't to keen on the suggestion that they need to get their own house in order, yet this must be what liberals need to do as well.  Feminists are trying to rename their movement as equalism while liberals are rebranding themselves as progressives.  Switching names strikes me as being futile.  You don't repair rotten wood by repainting it.  You need to reform your own social movement. 
  3. Dump the losers.  Criminals, leaches, mooches, sociopaths, every one of them.  Convince them in every way that you can that their free lunch is over.  Emphasize that they have a social contract and the obligations they have to society in exchange for excepting a hand out.  There are still more responsible citizens in American than irresponsible ones so this shouldn't cost you any ground at the polls.  I doubt that there aren't very many registered voters among these groups of people anyway.
  4. Stop obsessing about the religious right.  This is Thomas Franks main fallacy in Kansas.  Liberals seem to react to any expression of religious sentiment like the Taliban was about to take over.  Reality check-- The religious right failed to keep both Obama and Clinton from being elected (twice) and despite 8 years of Reagan and 12 years of Bush, they still didn't get what they wanted.  The religious right is a vocal minority, nothing more.  Nothing is going to blunt the religious right more than letting them have their 10 Commandments monument.  The last time they were so complacent, the cultural shift of the 1960's completely blindsided them.  This also means not allowing lawsuits like "Under God" in the Pledge of Allegience on the court docket.
  5. Regard the Bill of Rights as legally unassailable.  Is there a part of shall not be infringed that you don't understand?  At the moment, it seems that conservatives aren't able to mount effective opposition to inferred rights such as gay marriage or abortion, at least not yet.  Are you going to wait until they expand their majority so much as to override a veto or ratify a constitutional amendment? Then keep it up.  Free speech, freedom of religion and gun rights are all explicitedly stated rights; leave them alone.  This also includes sneeky moves like rebranding a viewpoint that you disagree with as "Hate Speech" and then use it to try and pass laws to supress certain viewpoints.  Unless, someone is using the rights to impose a clear and present danger to another citizen, then you'll just have to borrow a page from your own book and practice some tolerance.
  6. Reform the judicial system to focus more on salient points of a case and not procedure.  Our judicial system doesn't rehabilitate or deter crime simply because you have convinced a sizeable portion of the population that they are all victims and if they do get in trouble, they stand a good chance of getting a plea bargain, if not, then an outright dismissal.  Penalties are "excessive" because this country is one of the few in the civilized world that refused to throw in the towel in crime.  Likewise, endorse tort reform.  Make the bar for hearing civil lawsuits much higher than it is now.  It should be illegal for a criminal to sue his victim.  Other lawsuits should demonstrate an intention by the defendent to harm the plaintiff.  A loser pays system of civil law should also be considered to deter the more frivolous lawsuits.  Make class action lawsuits much more difficult to file.  One can be sued by merely having substantial assets if someone can associate you with an offending party; this is exploitation, plain and simple.
  7. Focus on what's important.  We can't have it all so we have to set priorities.  Liberals like to preach that they're in favor of individual rights.  So it might be worth asking people which rights they feel need protection?  I mean, what's the point of fighting for my right to privacy when a telemarketer can hassle me and I need to keep accurate financial records in case the IRS decides to audit me?  Why back internet neutrality while leaches have carte blanche to install cookies and malware while spamming my computer? Do you think an average, middle class working stiff that has to tripple deadbolt his door while living paycheck to paycheck is going to vote for a candidate that thinks drug use should be legal and criminals are really victims of social injustice? In the wake of the Great Recession I casually mentioned to others that fiscal conservatism is going dominate politics for a while.  Everyone thought I was crazy.  Then Tea Party candidates were getting elected.  I even added that fiscal conservatism might even override liberal social issues since they consume a lot of government spending.  They still thought I was crazy, right before food stamps were cut.  Seriously, what do you think all those sequesters and government shutdowns were all about?  The State of Illinois is a fine example of how this works.  Despite an income tax hike (the only campaign promise Democrat Governor Pat Quinn was able to keep) passing a spending bill that includes funding state pensions has been a brutal fight in our state legislature.  This didn't stop a gay marriage bill from whipping through both houses and being signed into law in record time.  This bill struck me as a completely pointless gesture since Illinois already legalized civil unions.  The act demonstrated to me that law makers cared more about pandering to a gay minority than delivering the workers of Illinois the retirement that they were promised.  Apparently most of Illinois agreed and Pat Quinn lost his reelection bid.  Are liberals such slow learners?
This isn't an exhaustive list but it should keep you busy for the rest of your lives for those of you who are looking for a purpose in life.With a little bit of thought you can adopt liberal platforms that can mesh very well with what conservatives also desire.  America will be much better because of it.

Sunday, August 3, 2014

Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey

I was excited to hear that a new Cosmos was in the works.  I remember the original Cosmos hosted by Carl Sagan very fondly.  Astronomy was of a particular interest to me at the time and the show had a good mix of history to explain the science.  Cosmos taught me to appreciate a subject that I though was very dull (history) by using another subject that I thought was very interesting (science) and it ignited my imagination.  It also made astronomy and cosmology relevant and relatable to an ordinary person through a creative use of story telling and visuals.

The series was due for a reboot.  There have been many things learned and discovered since Sagan's days but I hoped that they could capture the story telling elements and special effects that made the original Cosmos so appealing and relatable to a public who's scientific literacy is in the toilet.  We, as a society, need programs like Cosmos badly.  But I also remember how excited I was when George Lucas finally decided to do the prequel episodes to Star Wars and then being disappointed when I saw them, so I looked forward to this reboot with a sense of excitement and nervousness.

The following are my impressions from the individual episodes.

Episode 1: Standing Up in the Milky Way

Giordano Bruno was not a martyr for science!  I can deal with some creative license for the sake of making a point or for dramatic effect, but the story of Bruno is an oversimplification at best, botched research at worst.  Bruno was a superstitious mystic who made many extravagant claims about the divinity of Christ, the Holy Trinity and even the Holy Mother Mary's virginity that would get him excommunicated from the three major Christian religions of the day.

Bruno eagerly accepted the Copernican, heliocentric model of the universe the same way that a modern day, new age mystic gloms onto quantum mechanics, so that they can convince themselves and others that their insipid, postmodern philosophies have a scientific basis. Bruno advocated for the Copernican model for much the same reasons; it was a way to advance Bruno's mystic philosophies.

The Copernican Heliocentric Model of the Cosmos

It also didn't help that Bruno was a bit of a prick.  Cosmos depicts Bruno as some sort of persecuted genius but he was really a rude, caustic and argumentative person, and this made him lots of enemies.  The details of his trial seem sketchy, but it seemed obvious that the court that condemned him didn't have to look very hard to find something he was guilty of.

Galileo, hardly a warm friendly person himself that endorsed the Copernican model of the universe, somehow escaped Bruno's fate which I think is telling.  In the end, Galileo's harshest punishment was house arrest.  But then, Galileo didn't press spiritual and mystic issues as hard as Bruno did.  Sure, Bruno was eventually correct for endorsing the Copernican model, but even a broken clock is right twice a day.

The interesting thing is that some bishops and cardinals were originally receptive to Copernicus' model of the cosmos.  The Catholic church had an interest in predicting the celestial movements just as much as anybody.  The geocentric model of the universe in Ptolemy's Almagest, which was predicting motions in the heavens for over a thousand years, was getting long in the tooth and needed updating.  Copernicus' heliocentric model was a drastic conceptual shift, but didn't seem to raise serious opposition until critics of the Catholic church like Bruno and Galileo used it to try and advance their agendas.  With the Protestant Reformation still fresh in the Vatican's mind, opposing the Copernican model became a political maneuver.

The time of Galileo, Copernicus and Bruno was an interesting time in European history with many colorful characters and political intrigue.  I was discouraged after seeing Cosmos butcher the history in this fashion, especially after Neil DeGrasse Tyson paraphrased the scientific method as method of rational inquiry to open up the cosmos for all of us.  The episode ends with the cosmic calendar which was very cool but this series wasn't off to a good start.

GRADE: D

Episode 2: Some of the Things That Molecules Do

Young Earth Creationism (YEC) is a Christian sect in the United States that believes in a recent creation and a young Earth based on a literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis in the Bible.  Consequently, they hate the theory of evolution and any other field of study that acknowledges the earth as much older.  So YEC's have led grassroots campaigns to try to influence public opinion that the theory of evolution is either discredited or controversial.  A recent debate between science communicator Bill Nye and YEC Ken Ham is just one part of the whole insanity that is the YEC movement.  The YEC has been at this for a long time and has contributed to a watering down of scientific education in this country.

Tyson debunks some of the YEC claims in this episode.  This may not seem apparent to the viewer, but those of us that have knowledge of the junk science peddled by the YEC know who Tyson is addressing. Frankly, I like this approach.  Mention politics or religion in scientific discussions and people will dig in and double down.  The approach Tyson used in Cosmos wouldn't seem to trigger this defensive reaction and perhaps allows people to open their minds to some new ideas.  In the episode he demonstrates that evolution is still happening as we speak despite claims by YEC that it isn't.  He illustrates this with stories of animal and plant domestication, in which humans actively selected for the traits and genes that get passed on, sometimes the result of chance encounters, which resulted in a symbiotic relationship that benefited both species.  Tyson illustrates that selection can also be done by nature when a chance mutation in bears turned some of them white and made them better adapted to hunting in an arctic environment while the brown bears did better in the forests, allowing them to diverge into two different species.  Using a tree, Tyson describes all life on earth as coming from the same heritage and that additional species just start branching off just like the polar bears did from their parent species.

Tyson debunks the "What good is half an eye?" argument advanced by YEC's by guiding us through eye evolution as it started out with a photosensitive patch of molecules on bacteria to the fully formed organs we would recognize today with fully differentiated tissues.  Even at the early stages of eye evolution it gave that organism a survival advantage since it was equipped with another way to sense and respond to its environment.  The salient point is that the eye didn't need to be fully developed, just functional.  Once its survival advantage was retained, other developments to it's structure could be improved through millions of generations.  Even now, Tyson mentions that our eyes aren't completely perfect, but it would be hard for us to function without them.

Tyson then begins to contemplate life elsewhere in the cosmos by considering Titan, a moon of Saturn.  Why he chose Titan instead of Mars or Jupiter's moon Callisto, I don't know.  Perhaps Titan is the only known body in the Solar System besides the Earth with liquid flowing on it's surface.  But this liquid is methane and other hydrocarbons and it's extremely cold.  Tyson speculates that maybe life could find acetylene as acceptable energy sources for life or there might be a heated vent somewhere deep in Titan's hydrocarbon lakes.

Sorry Tyson, but no.  Tyson and others often look to extremophiles as examples that life can exist in hostile places.  But the key point that such speculative ideas miss is that the life needs to evolve first.  You need water and a temperate environment.  That's why we're looking so hard for water on other worlds to begin with: it's a good solvent for nutrients and waste products to be exchanged.  Life also needs carbon-based compounds which Titan seems to have in abundance but they are hydrocarbons and are very nonpolar and weakly interacting with each other so it's not likely for structure to form unless these hydrocarbons can bond with other electronegative elements like oxygen and nitrogen.  Then you have molecules with polarity and varying electron density so that enzymes can form and work.

I feel Tyson is off the deep end with Titan, but overall, this was a solid episode.

Grade: B

Episode 3: When Knowledge Conquered Fear


Tyson uses the example of how comets were perceived and interpreted in ancient cultures to illustrate that our ability for pattern recognition is a double-edged sword. As much as this ability has increased our chances of survival by taking cues from nature, it has also led us to draw some wrong conclusions.  For a long time, we as a species didn't have a deep enough understanding of the universe to understand what comets really were and what we thought we knew about them was wrong.

Our transition from the Ptolomeic geocentric model to the Copernican heliocentric model was a good step in the right direction but it wasn't enough to understand comets, the model of our universe required further refinement to the Kepler model which depicted the orbits of the planets as ellipses instead of perfect circles.

The Kepler model showing elliptical orbits

Even then, nobody knew why the universe functioned this way, and it became a source of endless speculation in coffee houses until a renaissance man named Edmund Halley reached out to a recluse named Issac Newton.  Newton showed that the eliptical orbits of the planets were simply due to the planets' inertia and gravity from the sun, which lead to speculation that perhaps comets behaved the same way.  They did.    Edmund Halley's recognition that some historical records of comets were documenting the appearance of the same comet allowed Halley to predict when a particular comet would return again.  When the prediction turned out to be accurate the comet was named Hally's Comet in his honor and it demonstrated how the ability to make accurate predictions validates a scientific theory. Comets changed from something to be feared to simple ordinary objects in our universe. Now that the orbital period of the comet was known, an orbit can be calculated and our perception of the universe changed once again!  Such is the nature of science!

I think this episode may have redeemed the series from such a rough beginning.  It had some sound story telling.  Considering how most discussions of science history focus on Issac Newton during this time period, I found this story where Edmond Halley was cast as the hero as a refreshing change of perspective.  Robert Hooke is cast as the antagonist, but it should be noted that he was an accomplished intellectual in his own right.  He made some solid contributions to physics and his work with understanding springs allowed more accurate time pieces to be developed and allowed ships to navigate better at sea, kicking the Age of Exploration into high gear.  That's not a bad legacy.

Grade: A

Episode 4: A Sky Full of Ghosts

This episode continues the story arc that started in episode one and continued in episode three that deals with how our understanding of the universe has evolved through time.  Now that it's been known that objects found in our solar system obeyed the laws of physics such as gravity, it led one to wonder if the stars themselves obeyed these laws.  It turns out that they do when William Herschel discovered binary stars orbiting around their common center of gravity.  This particular finding by Hershel would set into motion all sorts of theories and discoveries about the nature of our universe, including the observation that the universe is expanding which led to the theory of the Big Bang and postulating the existance of stars that are so massive that light can't escape them -- another scientific prediction validated by the discovery of black holes.  It was probably an exciting time to be an astronomer that wouldn't be surpassed until the discovery of exoplanets decades later.

This episode introduces other scientists such as Michael Faraday and James Maxwell and how they contributed to our understanding of light that would lead to more discoveries of our universe including the Theory of Relativity.  And then.....nothing!  They introduce the thought process that Einstein used to come up with the Theory of Relativity but the episode then drops it like a hot potato.  Most people's understanding of Relativity is very poor and a show like Cosmos would have been a perfect opportunity to describe it in a little more detail.  It's not like the theory isn't relevant to out daily lives; our GPS couldn't work without it!

Tyson demolishes another YEC argument for a young earth by noting that we're able to observe and study objects millions of light years away.  If the earth were created recently there wouldn't have been enough time for that light to reach us, and therefore, these objects would be invisible to us.  The idea that the finite speed of light means that we're looking into the past often leads to the cliche that we could be looking at stars that no longer exist because the light is still traveling here, which I think is nonsense.  With our naked eye, we can see a couple thousand light years out at most.  Stars live on million-billion year time scales, so it's a pretty safe bet that whatever you see in the sky on a clear evening is still there.

William Hershel in the animated story sequence is voiced by Patrick Stewart, a voice that every trekkie would recognize instantly.  He shares some of his secrets that he's discovered with his young son John Hershel who would later use the lessons his father taught him about light to make some advances in photography.  The father and son couple is being trailed by a distant figure that turns out the be John Hershel as an older man remembering his times with his father when he was much younger.  This story creates a nice parallel that we are looking into a younger and younger universe the farther out we see, much like the older John Hershel is looking back into the past with his father when they were both younger.  Very good! Nevertheless, I find the episode a little unsatisfying because of the Relativity issue.

Grade: B+

Episode 5: Hiding in the Light

This episode dealt with the properties of light and how it was used to determine the compositions of stars by analyzing a stars absorption spectra and opened up a whole field of study known as spectroscopy.  This episode botches more history but not as badly as Giordano Bruno's story in episode one.  The historical retelling of Issac Newton's experiments with light hinted very strongly that if Newton had only decided to look at the spectra of light shining through a prism with a magnifying glass, then he would have discovered the dark absorption lines that would have given him a clue as to the sun's composition.

Um, no!  I actually did this before and saw nothing.  Even assuming Newton's prism and magnifying glass were good enough quality, the sun is actually a disk where different regions of the disk would wash out the dark lines.  You would need to let the sunlight pass through a very fine slit to isolate very small portions of the sun's disk to be able to see anything.  And even if Newton did this, he wouldn't even know what to make of what he saw because the chemical sciences hadn't been developed to a point that would tell him what the lines meant.  I'm scratching my head over this because Tyson is an astrophysicist.  He should know this!

The key breakthrough was made by Joseph von Fraunhofer who wondered why certain chemicals burned with different color flames.  As an apprentice glassmaker, he had a lot of experience with how impurities burned and also noticed that these impurities in gaseous form absorbed and emitted certain colors of light and began to wonder if this could work when analyzing the sun.  It did!

The dark absorption lines in the solar spectra

 I have to give a hat tip to this episode for introducing nonwestern intellectuals such as Chinese philospoher Mo Tsu and Islamic philosopher Al-Hazan.  Modern science and technology has such a Western flair to it that I think we forget that a lot of ideas that contributed to our scientific method and world view had origins in other cultures before there was arguably any such thing as Western civilization.

The historical retelling of the evolution of rational scientific thought illustrates how cultural forces can work to suppress scientific advances and lead to that civilization's decay. And serves as a cautionary tale that Cosmos utterly failed to explore.

Scientific inquiry as we would recognize it started in China until their Chinese rulers eventually decided that other cultures had nothing to teach them and actually harmed their "cultural purity".  Books were burned, libraries destroyed and trade routes with the West were closed.  This area of the world is only now trying to recapture the cultural intellectualism it once had.

Intellectual vitality soon migrated to the Middle East and the Islamic world which became prosperous by controlling trade routes between the east and west allowing for a rapid diffusion and development of ideas, including the sciences.  But then the Islamic world began to fossilize into an aristocratic theocracy determined to prevent certain ideas from undermining the practice of Islam and the authority of its leaders.  Whatever intellectual vitality was left was snuffed out when the Mongolians ravaged the area.  The Islamic world has yet to recover from this.

The intellectual torch passed to the West where it spawned The Enlightenment and an intellectual vigor that would endure and travel to the developing colonies of the Western Hemisphere and the New World where it remains to this day.  But will history repeat itself?  Will the the West turn away from scientific insights like China and the Islamic world did?

Well, the generation that flocked to theaters to see Star Wars also decided that manned Apollo moon missions were too risky and expensive to sustain and canceled them, and now a significant part of the population thinks it was all a hoax while they believe that the government is suppressing the truth about UFOs. Popular movements are speaking out in opposition to public health triumphs such as vaccination and fluoridation.  Vitalism, a discredited notion that molecules from living things are imbued with an "elan vital", has made a resurgence in the organic food movement.  Religious grass roots movements have compelled text book manufacturers to water down any references to evolution.  We haven't been able to build a nuclear power plant in the US for decades because our environmentalism has fossilized into an intolerable religion.  Europeans and Australians are raiding field trials with weed trimmers and rakes to destroy genetically modified crops.  Our young generation would rather study business and finance instead of the sciences, and that's assuming they go to college at all. And our whole society is awash with postmodernist philosophies that do nothing to advance our analytical and empirical knowledge while advancing baseless ideologies. So....yea....it can diffinately happen here in the West!  Place your wagers.

So this episode blew a great opportunity to enlighten the public about our current relationship with science and gets more history wrong.  Bummer.

Grade: C-

Episode 6: Deeper, Deeper, Deeper Still

At this point, I'm beginning to suspect that the producers and writers of this series either didn't bother to consult with a professional chemist, or if they did, ignored him and this episode proves it.  Which is a shame, because the appeal of Cosmos is the synthesis of knowledge from various scientific fields and history into a interesting and cohesive narrative.  But the field of chemistry is getting shafted and I'm a little miffed.

Tyson's spaceship of the imagination explores the universe of the very small.  First a raindrop, then a cell, then a chloroplast, and then a crude animation that doesn't explain anything about how carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugars.  I'm a chemist and even that segment leaves me confused.  Most scientifically literate people know about chloroplasts but it's a black box as far as they're concerned and the animation won't improve their understanding of what goes on in a chloroplast in the slightest.

Tyson drops in an interesting tidbit about the existence of a plant with pollen sitting so deep in the flower that Darwin predicted that there must be an insect that has a super long tongue that is able to reach the pollen for fertilization to occur.  Otherwise, how can the plant reproduce?  Such an insect was later discovered illustrating the predictive nature of Darwin's Theory of Evolution.

Okay, sure.  Personally, I like Archaeopteryx a little better.  Darwin predicted that birds and reptiles must be distantly related in Origin of the Species.  A couple of years later, a fossil was discovered of an animal that had features shared by both reptiles and birds named Archaeopteryx.  It was an early example of a transition fossil and an example of a prediction being made by a theory that ended up being confirmed.  Plus, it refutes another YEC claim that evolution can't be true because such transition species haven't been found.  In fact there are about a dozen such species that have been found by my last count.  This YEC claim is simply wrong.

a fossil of Archaeopteryx

Tyson then starts talking about atoms and the outdated model that they are mostly empty space with a dense nucleus and electrons whizzing around in orbits--the Bohr model.  Except that electrons are wave particles, and as waves, they occupy most of the space in the atom.  In schools we teach the Bohr model as a heuristic device to help students understand covalent bonding and other such basic concepts but in this episode, it doesn't do anything to help the viewer understand anything.  

Like episode 5, episode 6 misses the mark on a lot of levels.  I was thinking that the series might have redeemed itself after episode one, but now I fear that Cosmos is looking subpar about halfway through. 

Grade: C

Episode 7: The Clean Room

The YEC claim of a recent creation is partly based upon Archbishop Ussher's attempt to determine the age of the Earth by using the bible.  Not only did Ussher come up with an age, but also an exact time of creation. Even at the time, I think this is stretching credibility a little by thinking you can deduce a precise time from ancient texts, but Tyson dismisses this by saying the everyone considered the bible authoritative, apparently not realizing that this was after the Protestant Reformation.  But I'm sure Tyson has heard of Galileo who lived around the same time.  So to say that everyone considered the bible authoritative is shockingly inaccurate.

But I must say that this episode has some great visuals!  The animation of the birth of the Earth followed by an exploded view of rock layers of the Grand Canyon was simply spectacular.

This episode features Clair Patterson who was assigned the apparently simple task of measuring the amount of lead in zircon crystals.  The results would be used to determine the age of the Earth because lead was a known decay product of heavier elements such as uranium and measuring the amount that had accumulated in the crystal would allow an age of the Earth to be calculated (radiometric dating).

The decay chain of a uranium isotope to lead

Patterson eagerly accepted but quickly found that he was getting inconsistent results.  He determined that lead contamination from the environment was effecting his results and painstakenly built a clean room to improve the accuracy of his measurements.  What follows is a nice montage of names of scientists being recited that contributed to the atomic theory that made Patterson's mass spectrometer that he used to measure the lead possible.  Science constantly improves by building on itself with new contributions over the generations and I think that scene illustrates this nicely.

A schematic of a mass spectrometer

Patterson gets good enough results to calculate the Earth to be about 4.5 billion years old, but his experience with the lead contamination begs the question of where it was coming from.  After systematic investigations at sea and in the arctic, he concludes that the lead must be coming from the manufacturing industry, particularly tetra ethyl lead which was used as a fuel additive.  The oil industry was not amused and tries to discredit Patterson with science of its own. 

The YEC's would probably hate this episode.  It drives a final nail into the coffin for them to know that an absolute age of the Earth can be measured and it is millions of times older than Ussher or YEC's claim it is.  Ussher wasn't even close.  Stick a fork in the YEC, they're done!  Of course they will try and discredit the radiometric dating technology that was used by Patterson and others just like the oil industry tried to discredit Patterson's research on lead, and that is the salient point in the episode.  People can try and use science for unscrupulous means to manufacture doubt within the minds of the public about well established ideas in science or try to present falsehoods with the appearance of them validated by science.  But I would also add, that it's not just government, corporate or religious interests that have abused science in this matter.  Charities, NGO's and ordinary people can use it to advance their ideologies.  YEC's have done it,  the antivax movement has done it, the antiGMO crowd has done it.  Question everything!

The history is a little dicey but there were enough redeeming moments and gives fair treatment about how the sciences can be used and abused which is a very important lesson to take note of in today's day and age.

Grade: B

Episode 8: Sisters of the Sun

An interesting episode that gives a nod to women's contributions to astronomy.  By this time in history, spectroscopy has matured in the field of astronomy.  Edward Pickering was accumulating vast amounts data on the spectra stars and it was up to Henrietta Leavitt and her team of women to catalog them by developing a novel system that is still in use by astronomers to this day.  But it doesn't stop there.  The data accumulated allowed Cecelia Payne to conclude that stars are composed of mostly hydrogen and helium and also that the stars temperature can be determined from its spectra.  This conclusion was in conflict with the prevailing theory of the time and in a crisis of confidence Payne caves in and waters down her conclusions.  It wasn't until some years later that astronomers realized Payne was right and credited her with the discovery.  Why?  Because the data said that Payne was right!  A position that has evidence in support of it should be rigorously defended, even if it's unpopular.  That's the moral of that story.

Unfortunately, for this episode, the historical digression is very brief and wraps up pretty quickly.  Most of the historical stories in Cosmos tend to weave through an entire episode with certain themes being carried over into other episodes, but not this time. This episode seems to lavish praise on the women's contributions to a fault because when Tyson explains the life cycles of stars and how certain types of stars will die, he makes no mention of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram that ended up being derived from the same data that was being used to catalog the different stars by Henrietta Leavitt and her team.  It seems that introducing the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram would be a given, but it seems to have been excluded because two men came up with it.

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

The clever thing is that the title is a double entendre.  Sisters of the Sun refers to not only the women's contributions to understanding stars, but the idea that groups of stars are related to ours by being formed from the same cloud of gas and dust that was seeded with elements from other stars that have died, making us all related and descended from stars in a way.  How significant do you feel now?

Grade: B-

Episode 9: The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth.

We tend to think of life on Earth as members of a precariously balanced ecosystem that has only been recently upset by man's intervention, but this isn't true at all.  In this episode Tyson illustrates that the Earth itself was a very different place in the geologic past and the evolution of it's features have done much to influence the evolution of life itself, even leading to a series of mass extinctions before man even appeared.

Tyson visits the Halls of Extinction, a metaphorical creation that was introduced way back in episode 2, but he spends more time taking us through the mass extinctions throughout Earth's history while strongly implicating climate change being the primary factor in the mass extinction during the Permian age, also known as The Great Dying.   The extinction event that killed the dinosaurs gets a lot of press, but the extinction event of the Permian age 100 million years or so before that was even worse.  Within a couple of million years (an instant in geologic time) 90% of the Earth's species went extinct. Tyson strongly hints that climate change was responsible for the great dying.  It's possible but this theory isn't widely accepted.  Tyson points to an unlabeled hall and asks if we will be the ones who fill this one with extinct species?  Rhetorical.

As Tyson noted, the Earth was a very different place back then and it was true.  All the Earth's land mass was clustered together as a single supercontinent named Pangea.  This most certainly would have effected ocean currents, climate and species distribution and their environmental niches.  So we'll have to be careful about drawing parallels between the Permian and our current age.  According to the episode, the appearance of lignin, a protein that structurally reinforced cellulose fibers allowed the appearance of trees and forests that rapidly enriched the atmosphere with up to 40% oxygen.  But microbes couldn't digest the lignin yet so the trees would die and form carbon rich coal that would later be ignited by volcanic eruptions spewing carbon dioxide, sulfates and particulates into the atmosphere raising all sorts of havoc.

Pangea during the Permian age

The only problem I see is that, while the microbes didn't have the capability to digest the lignin when it first appeared, they have been digesting cellulose for millions of years already so I think the amount of coal present during this time has been overestimated and a lot of it won't end up burning unless it's exposed on the surface.  

A theory I consider more likely is that the concentration of oxygen reached a tipping point where forest fires can burn out of control, even from a lightning strike or a small meteor impact. I think the 40% concentration that Tyson refers to is more than enough.  Throw in a probable dry spell and...BOOM...mass die-offs as the worlds forests get converted to ash and the life that was heavily dependent on the enriched oxygen also die-off as it gets consumed by fire.  Every resident of the Western US knows the chaos of trying to cope with fires burning down a mere few hundred acres of forest every year, and I say "cope" because they are impossible to extinguish.  Firefighters can only hope to contain them while they burn themselves out.  Now imagine the atmospheric oxygen concentration that is double what we have now and nobody around to contain the fires. Throw in a light breeze to fan the flames and spread the embers around the super continent of Pangea...That was the Permian age!

The Permian extinction may have happened the way I described but I don't know for certain, but I do get a little perturbed at the recent tendency of some paleogeologists reading carbon dioxide induced climate change into everything they are finding in the fossil record without a lot of solid evidence.  This episode clearly illustrates that climate change can have a variety of factors as Tyson even illustrated when the formation of the Isthmus of Panama shut down particular ocean currents causing a cooling spell.

There's a lot of good moments about how the theory of continental drift (currently known as plate tectonics) was first developed and confirmed and there's an uplifting message about how we can overcome our current ecological predicaments to live long enough as a species to see the Earth as a different planet in the future, but I think Tyson lays it on pretty thick while in the Halls of Extinction.

Grade: C+

Episode 10: The Electric Boy

Everything in modern society that you take for granted is because of one man.  And if you were to ask 1,000 people, not one person may know his name.  His name is Michael Faraday.  His name has been dropped in previous episodes as if Cosmos wanted to foreshadow his story in this episode.  He was a brilliant and gifted individual, but since he was born into poverty and struggled in school, most people wouldn't have suspected of what he was capable of.

This episode is a pretty straight forward retelling of the life of Michael Faraday starting from his humble beginnings, to his job as a book binder, to his job as an apprentice of English chemist Humphry Davy who was very accomplished in his day who eventually felt threatened by Faraday and was determined to keep him in the shadows until his death.  This happens sometimes.  A scientist like Davy makes solid contributions to his field and ends up resting on his laurels and makes it difficult for younger researchers like Faraday to add their knowledge and insight.  Fortunately, we do not live forever and eventually such ideas do get advanced.

Faraday was the man who demonstrated that the principles of electricity, magnetism and light were rooted in one unifying principle.  Faraday's work with electricity launched a whole new revolution that would result in the globalized world we have today where everything and everybody is interconnected and exchange information at an unprecedented level.  This alone would be a legacy any man would be proud of, but he was also an educator that would inspire generations of young students with a series of Christmas Lectures at the Royal Institution in London which became a tradition that would carry on to this day.

A very solid episode and the ending montage of his legacy is one of the most moving sequences in the whole series.  Excellent! 

Grade: A+

Episode 11: The Immortals 

Tyson describes a narrative on how our technological pursuits are often motivated by our own desire for immortality by describing how the development of writing in ancient times allowed for a sense of immortality by allowing stories and messages from a person's life to be passed on long after they have died.  Tyson makes the obvious connection between how writing and DNA transmits the accumulated information of previous generations to future generations and wonders how we can achieve immortality in the future.

Tyson speculates about our future, particularly how we as a race will continue and achieve our own sense of immortality by venturing into the rest of our Solar System and beyond before our Sun begins to die making Earth uninhabitable.  Tyson optimistically speculates that once we find solutions to overcome the threats to our existence such as climate change or nuclear anhilation, venturing to the stars should be a piece of cake.  I agree 100% .  Solving such monumental problems tends to result in new knowledge and technologies being deployed.  Mastering and reducing our impacts on our climate and ecosystems would most certainly allow us to construct ecosystems of our own inside of self contained structures in space or on other planets which would better our chances of continuing as a species, even if our sun dies making the Earth uninhabitable.

Tyson alludes to another way of achieving a sense of immortality by telling the story of how the Nakhla meteorite in 1911 was shown to originate from Mars.  It would suggest that life can form elsewhere in the cosmos and be sent to another planet like Earth through a series of fortuitous impacts and intercepts.  Some forms of microbial life have been shown to withstand the hostile environments of outer space and perhaps they can survive reentry into a planet's atmosphere while hitchhiking on a meteor. Perhaps this mechanism could work within a star system, but transfering life between star systems by meteor seems to be a stretch.  But if this can really happen, then life should be abundant in the galaxy and the genetic material of such life should be surprisingly uniform among multiple star systems and their planets.

Our destiny as a species and what challenges we face are important themes to discuss in a series like Cosmos, I just wish we had more knowledge of how life began on Earth.  Otherwise, the whole question about life besides our own being present in the universe is open to a lot of speculation.  I, for one, tend to think life is quite rare and have written about it before, but I would be happy to be proven wrong about it!

Grade: B

Episode 12: The World Set Free

Arg!  This episode continues the climate change theme introduced in episode 9 and elaborates on it, but not very well.  It's not because I don't believe the global temperature is rising and the climate is changing.  I do.  But how Cosmos presents the evidence and how we determined that the global temperature of Earth is rising will lead to a fatally flawed discussion among the public.

The good news is that Tyson treats a lot of arguments advanced by people who deny that global warming is occurring (denialists) much like he addressed the YEC arguments against evolution so hopefully people's minds will be open to the arguments without any political context. He also tries to illustrate the difference between weather and climate by walking a dog along the beach who is wandering around aimlessly on its leash (weather) while Tyson walks in a predetermined path (climate).   "Keep your eye on the man, not the dog", he says.  Brilliant!  He also effectively describes how feedback mechanisms work and how small changes in atmospheric CO2 can lead to large changes in climate and the environment.


Now the bad news: Tyson started the episode by describing the harsh environment of Venus and its runaway greenhouse effect because of the rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere raising its temperature causing the water on its surface to evaporate and raise the temperature even more and notes that Venus did this all by itself without human's intervention while Earth, having similar amounts of carbon can keep a lot of it sequestered in it's biosphere, oceans and minerals such as limestone.  

And then he drops it!  He no longer mentions the role of water at all and its effect on the climate and global temperature.  And this is where climate change denialists are going to see the problem with any argument or explanation put forth by the scientific community.  You must address the water cycle, why?  Because it contributes to over 90% of heat retained in Earth's atmosphere and the denialists know it!  They will see any argument that doesn't include the role of water as being fatally flawed. Nor does Tyson address The Pause-- the apparent halting or plateau in trends of global surface temperatures for the past 15 years.

So naturally, the goal is to reduce the amount of CO2 we are dumping in the atmosphere, but Tyson focuses on solar and wind power as if they are the only solutions which is incredibly narrow in vision.  In the historical digressions he talks about how oil and coal have repeatedly delayed or sidelined advancements in solar power made by others.  This is simply another way of saying that solar power is too expensive to produce. There's no conspiracy like a lot of people tend to imply.  Fossil fuels have an advantage of being produced and delivered economically and reliably.  That's how we've become dependent on them.  In fact, something like solar power is barely feasible now.  As somebody who has looked into implementing solar power for my own home on a number of occaissions, the photovoltaics are simply too expensive and they also have the disadvantage of only working when the sun is shining.  Batteries can work to mediate this issue somewhat by storing a surplus to be used during nighttime and overcast days, but this adds to cost and the use of some potentially harmful chemicals or minerals to make the batteries that may be in short supply.

And how much land are we willing to devote to solar and wind farms while our global population increases exponentially?  What about nuclear power?  Geothermal power?  Ethanol?  Biodeisel?  Focusing on solar or wind power exclusively like Tyson does seems very narrow in vision at best, socially irresponsible at worst.

Grade: C-

Episode 13: Unafraid of the Dark

The title of this episode refers to the apparent existence of dark matter and dark energy that is are also cast as metaphors that represent the undiscovered mysteries that science must still discover.  The episode reminds us that we don't know everything and that there are still many questions about the cosmos that need answering.  If there weren't then we wouldn't be scientists.  I say "we" because, as Tyson points out, science belongs to all of us. It impacts every single citizen of humanity. We just need to use it wisely, reserve judgement and follow the evidence wherever it leads bearing in mind that some cherished ideas and beliefs might be wrong and we'll just have to get over it and continue our investigations.

Tyson draws some parallels between the Library of Alexandria and our current repository of information, the internet.  Science belongs to all of us and for the first time in history, the combined knowledge of our universe is at our fingertips.  Therefore, there is no excuse for not being properly informed about the scientific issues discussed in the media and political circles. None. ZIP!  Anybody living in proximity to a cell phone tower or public library has access to this information.  I swear that the prevalence of antiintellectualism that I find online and in real life is mind-boggling to me.

This episode encapsulates the spirit of Cosmos more than any other and represents what the whole point of this series is in case anybody has forgotten.  Tyson describes the two Voyager spacecraft as two tickets at an attempt at contact with alien species using the truly universal language of science and mathematics.  It is likely that any such alien species may not retrieve it until long after we're gone.  But maybe not.  A monologue from the late Carl Sagan (from the original Cosmos) seems to push us forward as he talks about our hopes, dreams and nightmares on the "pale blue dot".  It's was a strong finish after such a weak beginning.


Grade: A

Conclusions

Taking into account the grades for all the episodes, the overall grade for the series would be a B- which is pretty good.  It seems that the series had lost points do to some sketchy historical research and a failure to capitalize on a couple of opportunities to confront the tide of antiintellectualism directly.  Episodes 5 and 6 in particular blew some great opportunities to elaborate on how cultural forces can dumb down a population and cause an intellectual decline and serve as a cautionary tale for Western civilization if we're not careful.  The series also suffers from the slapdash effort to deal with the global warming and climate change issue and neglected to elaborate on such an important scientific concept like relativity. Cosmos did a much better job on the evolution segments which makes the contrast with climate change a much more stark comparison.

Nevertheless, Cosmos has some great high points.  When Knowledge Conquered Fear (Episode 3), A Sky Full of Ghosts (Episode 4) and The Electric Boy (Episode 10) were the high points of the series.  In fact, I've seen The Electric Boy several times and it moves me every time.  The series also ends very strongly with Unafraid of the Dark (Episode 13).  Some of the episodes have such a tenuous connection to the theme of Cosmos that one might be forgiven if he forgot what the point of a them was, but Unafraid of the Dark highlights the point nicely.

The series has many tributes and montages to the late Carl Sagan.  Overall, I'd say Neil deGrasse Tyson did a good job of carrying on the tradition of Sagan.  I look forward to seeing him as leading the next generation of science communicators.  He does seem to be wedded to the persecuted genius caricature in this series a little too much.  Which is odd because the only person featured in Cosmos who may have come close to being persecuted was Clair Patterson and he got off pretty light as far as persecuted geniuses go.  Nikolai Vavilov, on the other hand would, truly be an example of a persecuted genius in modern times.  Google him.
It might be worth reminding people that skepticism isn't persecution.  It's pretty much a staple in evaluating scientific claims and it often means that you need more evidence.  Some ideas will have a hard time getting accepted at first, but they eventually will when there's enough evidence so go find some.  Michael Faraday had to cope with memory loss and depression but this didn't stop him.  Henrietta Leavitt was deaf and she still coped.  What's your excuse?

The themes that really make the series for me is the sense of optimism that Tyson tries to convey when discussing our current problems while refering to great questions of the past and how great minds overcame them, which is the salient lesson of this series.  People seem to think that science is this black box where ivory tower elitists reach a consensus arbitrarily.  Cosmos shows that this isn't the case at all.  The historical segments show pretty succinctly that observations were made, tests designed, data collected, predictions made and later confirmed.  This is how our knowledge and understanding improves.  Scientific laws aren't arbitrary things.  And if technology can be designed based on these scientific principles (refer to The Electric Boy) then we have a pretty good chance of being right!

So where's your evidence?  YEC's, where's your evidence that the Earth is only 10,000 years old?  Antivaxers, where's your evidence that vaccines cause autism?  AntiGMO, where's your evidence that GMO's are harmful to people and damaging to the environment?  Climate change denialists, where's your evidence that the Earth isn't warming?  It's not true just because you believe it. Question everything!